He-He-Shu-Yang formula alleviates liver fibrosis by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation in vivo and in vitro

Figure 4 He-He-Shu-Yang formula inhibits the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4/reactive oxygen species/nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome pathway in rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced fibrosis. ^bP < 0.01 vs control group; ^dP < 0.01 vs model group. A: Representative images of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 immunohistochemistry staining in each group (bar = 100 μm); the brown area shows nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 expression; B: Serum level of superoxide anion (O₂^-) in each group; C: Serum level of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in each group; D: Hydroxyl radical (OH) clearance rate in each group; E: Representative images of nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 immunohistochemistry staining (bar = 100 μm); F: Protein levels of nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 and cleaved caspase-1 in the different groups, as determined using western blotting. HHSY: He-He-Shu-Yang formula; NOX4: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4; NLRP3: Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3.