Refractory autoimmune hepatitis in children: Considerations for assessment and management

Table 1 Definitions of treatment outcomes in autoimmune hepatitis

Ref.	Outcomes	Definition
Mack et al[2], 2020; Pape et al[8], 2022	Biochemical remission; complete biochemical response	Normal aspartate aminotransferase, alanine amino transferase and immunoglobulin G levels
Mack et al[2], 2020	Histological remission	Absence of inflammation in liver tissue after treatment
Mieli-Vergani et al[3], 2018	Complete remission	Normal aspartate aminotransferase, alanine amino transferase and immunoglobulin G levels; anti-nuclear antibody/anti-smooth muscle antibody- negative or low titer (< 1:20); anti-liver-kidney microsomal antibody type 1 and anti-liver cytosol type 1 antibody - < 1:10 or negative
Mack et al[2], 2020	Treatment intolerance	Inability to continue maintenance therapy due to drug-related side effects
Mack et al[2], 2020	Incomplete response	Improvement of laboratory and histological findings that are insufficient to satisfy criteria for remission
Pape et al[8], 2022	Non-response	Failure to achieve a more than 50% reduction of alanine amino transferase within 4 weeks of treatment
Mack et al[2], 2020	Treatment failure	Worsening laboratory or histological findings despite compliance with standard therapy
Mack et al[2], 2020	Relapse	Exacerbation of disease activity after induction of remission and drug withdrawal (or nonadherence)
Mieli-Vergani et al[3], 2018	Refractory	Intolerant of or unresponsive to standard immunosuppression