Roles of short-chain fatty acids in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis

Table 2 Clinical trials in the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis

Clinical trials	Phase	Disease	Treatment	Measurements
NCT05654805	N/A	MASLD	Oat-fiber supplementation	Fermentation to short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
NCT05523024	N/A	MASLD	Dietary supplementation of probiotics; Dietary supplementation of Berberine; Dietary supplementation of Probiotics and Berberine	The concentrations of SCFAs in stool
NCT05402449	N/A	MASLD	Dietary supplementation of probiotics, including Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-263 (heat-killed) and GMNL-89 (alive), and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GMNL-74 (alive)	Concentrations of SCFAs in blood
NCT04594954	N/A	MASLD	Fecal microbiota transplantation	Production of SCFAs
NCT04415632	N/A	MASLD	Low glycemic index diet; High glycemic index diet	Plasma concentrations of SCFAs
NCT04117802	N/A	MASLD	Maple syrup	Change of fecal SCFAs
NCT01856465	N/A	MASLD	Bariatric surgery	Change of fecal SCFAs
NCT05463575	2	MASLD	Ketohexokinase inhibition	Change of fecal SCFAs, including acetate, propionate, and butyrate
NCT05821010	2	MASH	Lyophilized fecal microbiota transplantation capsules Anaerobutyricum soehngenii; Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila; Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis; Fructo-oligosaccharides	Concentrations of SCFAs in blood (i.e., acetate, butyrate, and propionate)
NCT05647915	4	Obesity MASLD	Berberine plus lifestyle intervention	Change of SCFAs
NCT04465032	4	MASLD	Gut microbiome transplantation	Production of SCFAs

MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; MASH: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis; SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids.