Metabolic associated steatotic liver disease in Qatar: Analysis of dietary patterns and nutrient intake

Table 3 Mean intake of energy, macronutrients and micronutrients and others compared to recommended dietary allowance in patient with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, mean ± SD

Nutrients	Males (n = 34)	Recommendations (males)1	Females (n = 60)	Recommendations (females)1	Total (n = 94)	P value
Energy (kcal)
Total calories	2307.4 ± 519.3	-	1897.2 ± 436.0	-	2045.5 ± 505.5	< 0.001a
Calories from fat	914.3 ± 325.3	-	713.4 ± 195.6	-	786.1 ± 266.9	< 0.001a
Calories from saturated fat	269.7 ± 150.3	-	224.4 ± 77.7	-	240.8 ± 111.0	0.057
Macronutrients
Protein (g)	100.3 ± 26.1	-	79.2 ± 26.3	-	86.8 ± 28.0	< 0.001a
Carbohydrate (g)	257.7 ± 63.9	-	222.5 ± 66.5	-	235.2 ± 67.4	0.014a
Total fiber (g)	18.8 ± 7.5	-	16.5 ± 11.6	-	17.4 ± 10.3	0.318
Soluble fiber (g)	0.8 ± 0.8	-	0.8 ± 0.8	-	0.8 ± 0.8	0.909
Sugar (g)	83.4 ± 36.7	-	79.4 ± 39.5	-	80.8 ± 38.3	0.632
Added sugar (g)	29.7 ± 22.7	-	23.5 ± 17.3	-	25.7 ± 19.6	0.138
Fat (g)	102.7 ± 36.7	-	79.8 ± 22.2	-	88.1 ± 30.2	< 0.001a
Saturated fat (g)	30.0 ± 16.7	30	24.9 ± 8.6	20	26.8 ± 12.3	0.057
Mono-unsaturated fatty acids (g)	29.5 ± 15.3	-	21.4 ± 9.4	-	24.3 ± 12.4	0.002a
Poly-unsaturated fatty acids (g)	15.0 ± 6.0	8	10.8 ± 4.5	6	12.3 ± 5.5	< 0.001a
Trans fatty acid (g)	0.1 ± 0.3	0	0.2 ± 0.2	0	0.2 ± 0.3	0.764
Cholesterol (mg)	394.0 ± 226.9	300	287.5 ± 155.4	300	326.0 ± 190.3	0.008a
Omega-3 (g)	1.5 ± 0.8	1.6	1.2 ± 0.5	1.1	1.3 ± 0.6	0.011a
Omega-6 (g)	12.9 ± 5.3	≤ 50 years: 17; > 50 years: 14	9.1 ± 3.8	≤ 50 years: 12; > 50 years: 11	10.5 ± 4.8	< 0.001a
Micronutrients
Vitamins (μg)
Retinol (μg)	487.7 ± 1305.8	900	228.5 ± 368.0	700	322.3 ± 840.6	0.152
Beta-caroten (μg)	1778.0 ± 2215.4	900	2329.9 ± 2796.9	700	2130.3 ± 2602.9	0.326
Vitamin B1 (μg)	1.1 ± 0.3	1.2	0.9 ± 0.3	1.1	0.9 ± 0.3	0.003a
Vitamin B2 (μg)	1.4 ± 0.7	1.3	1.1 ± 0.4	1.1	1.2 ± 0.6	0.012a
Vitamin B3 (μg)	22.7 ± 9.3	16	17.2 ± 9.3	14	19.2 ± 9.6	0.007a
Vitamin B6 (μg)	1.6 ± 0.7	≤ 50 years: 1.3; > 50 years: 1.7	1.3 ± 0.6	≤ 50 years: 1.3; > 50 years: 1.5	1.4 ± 0.6	0.048a
Vitamin B12 (μg)	4.7 ± 8.2	2.4	2.9 ± 4.9	2.4	3.5 ± 6.3	0.189
Biotin (μg)	4.8 ± 7.7	30	2.9 ± 2.3	30	3.5 ± 4.8	0.098
Vitamin C (mg)	86.3 ± 83.1	90	68.6 ± 44.6	75	75.0 ± 61.5	0.182
Vitamin D (μg)	3.4 ± 3.8	15	2.9 ± 3.6	15	3.1 ± 3.7	0.594
Vitamin E (mg)	6.4 ± 2.2	15	5.4 ± 2.6	15	5.8 ± 2.5	0.073
Folate (μg)	324.2 ± 179.2	400	251.2 ± 112.0	400	277.6 ± 143.5	0.017
Vitamin K (μg)	76.4 ± 96.5	120	89.9 ± 143.6	90	85.0 ± 128.1	0.628
Minerals
Calcium (mg)	657.8 ± 222.2	1000	644.5 ± 240.8	≤ 50 years: 1000; > 50 years: 1200	649.3 ± 233.1	0.792
Copper (mg)	1.0 ± 0.7	0.9	1.1 ± 1.1	0.9	1.1 ± 1.0	0.639
Chromium (μg)	1.3 ± 1.1	35	1.0 ± 0.9	25	1.1 ± 1.0	0.204
Iodine (μg)	2.5 ± 3.9	150	4.9 ± 6.1	150	4.1 ± 5.5	0.073
Iron (mg)	12.3 ± 4.2	8	9.6 ± 2.8	8-18	10.6 ± 3.6	< 0.001a
Magnesium (mg)	220.1 ± 70.4	420	183.7 ± 76.4	320	196.9 ± 76.0	0.025a
Manganese (mg)	0.7 ± 0.5	2.3	0.6 ± 0.4	1.8	0.7 ± 0.5	0.328
Phosphate (mg)	1011.1 ± 321.9	700	789.9 ± 257.2	700	869.9 ± 300.3	< 0.001a
Potassium (mg)	2275.5 ± 644.4	3400	1963.8 ± 688.4	2600	2076.5 ± 686.0	0.034a
Selenium (μg)	96.3 ± 48.2	55	73.3 ± 42.4	55	81.7 ± 45.7	0.018a
Sodium (mg)	3234.3 ± 769.6	1500	2687.1 ± 927.6	1500	2885.1 ± 908.8	0.004a
Zinc (mg)	8.0 ± 2.8	8	6.5 ± 3.1	11	7.0 ± 3.1	0.020a
Other
Caffeine (mg)	65.2 ± 100.4	400	43.3 ± 80.0	400	51.2 ± 88.0	0.248

^aP < 0.05.

¹Recommendations are based on the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges for saturated fats and polyunsaturated fats, on recommended dietary allowance/adequate Intake for omega 3, omega 6, cholesterol, vitamins and minerals, and on United States Food and Drug Administration for caffeine.