PANoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: Underlying mechanisms

Figure 2 Role of PANoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mechanisms of PANoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Factors that inhibit the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) process are covered in green, like hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein. Factors that can promote the HCC process are covered in red. Triple motif protein 21 (TRIM21) and caspase-8 exhibit both positive and negative regulatory mechanisms in HCC. Through positive regulation, TRIM21 can inhibit tumor suppression by inhibiting the p62 sequestosome 1-kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (p62-Keap1-Nrf2) antioxidant pathway. In contrast, its negative regulation involves two inhibitory pathways, receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 and vacuolar protein sorting 72 (VPS72), which suppress HCC progression. Caspase-8, while enhancing the tumor-suppressive activity of caspase-3, can also promote HCC development through interactions with Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) and receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1). AIM2: Absent in melanoma 2; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; ZBP1: Z-DNA binding protein 1.