Mitochondrial transplantation and platelet rich plasma for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Table 2 Regenerative mechanisms and applications of platelet rich plasma in preclinical and clinical studies

Model/disease	Outcomes and mechanism	Ref.
Porcine and human cartilage cells/osteoarthritis	Stimulated chondrocyte proliferation, cartilage matrix production, suppressed inflammation via NF-κB inhibition	Monteiro et al[66]
Equine tenocytes, tendinopathies	Protected against hydrogen peroxide damage, reduced protein and lipid peroxidation, prevented cell death, increased nuclear Nrf2 levels, induced antioxidant enzyme expression	Tognoloni et al[71]
Human anterior cruciate ligamentocytes, ligament injury	Increased DNA content and metabolic activity (cell proliferation), no significant extracellular matrix production	Krismer et al[72]
Rabbits, osteoarthritis	Enhanced cartilage repair, increased glycosaminoglycan production	Monteiro et al[66]
Horses, osteoarthritis	Alleviated lameness	Monteiro et al[66]
Mice, cirrhosis	PRPEV reduced liver fibrosis, promoted hepatocyte proliferation, increased anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages	Maeda et al[73]
Rats, chronic liver disease	Improved liver enzymes, lipid profile, oxidative stress markers	Mansour et al[74]
Rats, bile duct ligation-induced cirrhosis	ADMSCs + PRP reduced inflammation, hepatocyte damage, collagen deposition	Shivaramu et al[75]
Humans (30 patients), knee osteoarthritis	Reduced pain by 33.4%	Monteiro et al[66] and Kwon et al[70]

Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; PRPEV: Platelet-rich plasma-derived extracellular vesicles; ADMSC: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell; PRP: Platelet rich plasma.