Nanoparticle-based systems for liver therapy: Overcoming fibrosis and enhancing drug efficacy

Figure 1 Effects of portal hypertension on hepatic and intestinal function relevant to drug absorption and metabolism. Portal hypertension contributes to increased intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation, structural alterations in the liver, elevated vascular resistance, and the formation of portosystemic shunts. These interconnected changes impair hepatic perfusion and detoxification capacity, ultimately compromising oral drug absorption and systemic metabolism.