Lean body mass index is a marker of advanced tumor features in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Patient characteristics for cirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma, n (%)

Variable	BMI < 25 kg/m2 (n = 654)	BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2 (n = 767)	BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (n = 841)	P value
Age (yr)	62.0 ± 8.9	62.6 ± 8.7	62.5 ± 8.4	0.43
Male	522 (79.8)	650 (84.7)	620 (73.7)	< 0.001
Race
White	437 (66.8)	599 (78.6)	697 (83.1)	< 0.001
Black	166 (25.4)	110 (14.4)	98 (11.7)
Hispanic	14 (2.1)	27 (3.5)	31 (3.7)
Asian	24 (3.7)	14 (1.8)	9 (1.1)
Other	13 (2.0)	12 (1.6)	4 (0.48)
Diabetes	144 (22.1)	256 (33.5)	440 (52.3)	< 0.001
Hypertension	325 (49.8)	450 (58.8)	579 (68.8)	< 0.001
Dyslipidemia	127 (19.4)	192 (25.1)	252 (30.0)	< 0.001
Coronary artery disease	105 (16.1)	110 (14.4)	181 (21.5)	< 0.001
Peripheral vascular disease	74 (11.3)	76 (9.9)	83 (9.9)	0.6
ALT (Units/L)	63.0 ± 67.9	64.3 ± 68.8	56.8 ± 112.1	0.19
AST (Units/L)	103.5 ± 147.4	94.3 ± 99.0	90.6 ± 183.2	0.25
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)	2.1 ± 3.0	2.3 ± 3.7	2.2 ± 3.2	0.62
Alkaline phosphatase (Units/L)	161.3 ± 142.8	144.7 ± 108.2	146.6 ± 104.6	0.017
Albumin (g/dL)	3.15 ± 0.67	3.24 ± 0.69	3.16 ± 0.63	0.015
Platelets (k/cumm)	146.9 ± 96.8	122.4 ± 74.5	123.5 ± 76.1	< 0.001
Creatinine (md/dL)	1.03 ± 0.84	1.02 ± 0.63	1.07 ± 0.71	0.37
Sodium (mEq/L)	135.7 ± 4.1	136.6 ± 3.9	136.8 ± 3.8	< 0.001
INR	1.3 ± 0.31	1.3 ± 0.41	1.3 ± 0.39	0.1
MELD-Na score	14.3 ± 5.6	14.0 ± 5.5	14.3 ± 5.4	0.72
Alcohol abuse	342 (53.4)	380 (50.1)	312 (37.8)	< 0.001
Etiology of chronic liver disease
All HCV	465 (71.2)	474 (61.8)	409 (48.6)	< 0.001
HCV with known SVR	158 (34)	183 (38.6)	167 (40.8)	0.07
Alcohol alone	82 (12.5)	106 (13.8)	123 (14.6)	0.51
NAFLD	34 (5.2)	108 (14.1)	230 (27.3)	< 0.001
AIH/PBC/PSC	7 (1.1)	12 (1.6)	14 (1.7)	0.61
HBV	32 (4.9)	35 (4.6)	19 (2.3)	0.01
HC/A1AT	4 (0.61)	7 (0.91)	15 (1.8)	0.08
Child-Pugh classification
Child A	277 (43.0)	328 (43.5)	336 (40.8)	0.58
Child A-B	15 (2.3)	26 (3.4)	25 (3.0)
Child B	263 (40.8)	284 (37.7)	345 (41.9)
Child C	89 (13.8)	116 (15.4)	118 (14.3)
Complications
Ascites	300 (54.1)	383 (49.9)	404 (48.0)	0.31
Encephalopathy	170 (26.0)	252 (32.9)	302 (35.9)	< 0.001
Varices	259 (39.6)	368 (48.0)	427 (50.8)	< 0.001
Portal vein thrombus	148 (22.6)	164 (21.4)	181 (21.5)	0.83

BMI: Body mass index; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis; PBC: Primary biliary cholangitis; PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HC: Hemochromatosis; A1AT: Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency; SVR: Sustained virologic response; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; INR: International normalized ratio.