Metabolomics in liver diseases: A novel alternative for liver biopsy?

Table 1 Metabolites as the fibrotic biomarkers of hepatitis C

Ref.	Analyzed cases	Analytical method	Increased metabolites in fibrosis progression	Decreased metabolites in fibrosis progression
Fitian et al[13], 2014	Cirrhosis vs healthy non-diabetic controls	GC/MS, UPLC/MS-MS	Bile acids (taurochenodeoxycholate, taurocholate, etc.), dicarboxylic acids (azelate, undecanedioate, sebacate, etc.)
Sarfaraz et al[14], 2016	F3- 4 vs F0- 2 (Metavir)	1H-NMR	1,7 dimethylxanthine, caffeine, methylsuccinate, tyrosine, histidine, 2-hydroxyisovalerate, propionate, methionine, methylguanidine, 2-oxoisocaproate, formate	N-acetylaspartate, creatinine, urea, threonine, glycine, methylhistidine, adenosine, N-acetylglycine, glutamine, asparagine
Cano et al[15], 2017	F2- 4 vs F0- 1 (Metavir)	UPLC/MS	Glycocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, sphingomyelins (d18:0/18:0)	BCAA/ArAA
Gaggini et al[16], 2019	F5- 6 vs F3- 4 vs F1- 2 (Ishak score)	UPLC/QTOF-MS	Phosphocholine (40:6)	Ceramides (18:1/22:0), (18:1/24:0), diacylglycerol (42:6)
Shanmuganathan et al[17], 2021	F2- 4 vs F0- 1 (Metavir)	MSI-CE-MS, 1H-NMR	Choline, histidine
Khalil et al[18], 2022	Cirrhosis vs non-cirrhosis vs healthy controls	UPLC/MS	Taurocholic acid, glycholic acid, glycoursodeoxycholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid
Ferrasi et al[19], 2023	F1 vs F2 vs F3 vs F4 (Metavir)	ESI/MS

¹H-NMR: Proton nuclear magnetic resonance. GC: Gas chromatography; MS: Mass spectrometry; UPLC: Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography; QTOF: Quadrupole time-of-flight; MSI-CE: Multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis; ESI: Electrospray ionization; BCAA/ArAA: The ratio of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) to aromatic amino acids (ArAA).