Impact renaming non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to metabolic associated fatty liver disease in prevalence, characteristics and risk factors

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with metabolic associated fatty liver disease, n (%)

Variable	Category	Univariate analysis		Multivariable analysis
		Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
General information
Sex	Male(ref)
	Female	0.69 (0.58-0.84)	< 0.001	0.67 (0.57-0.80)	0.001
Age		1.01 (1.01-1.02)	0.001	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	0.001
BMI, kg/m2		1.46 (1.41-1.52)	< 0.001	1.45 (1.40-1.51)	< 0.001
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg		1.00 (0.99-1.00)	0.360	None
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg		1.01 (1.00-1.02)	0.007	1.01 (1.00–1.01)	0.002
Waist circumference, cm		1.12 (1.11-1.14)	< 0.001	1.12 (1.11-1.14)	< 0.001
Hip circumference, cm		0.95 (0.93-0.96)	< 0.001	0.95 (0.93-0.96)	< 0.001
Smoke	Never (ref)		0.409	None
	Always	1.18 (0.90-1.56)	0.236	None
	Smoke in the past	1.07 (0.80-1.43)	0.667	None
	Passive exposure to secondhand smoke	1.15 (0.80-1.65)	0.464	None
Alcohol consumption	No(ref)
	Yes	0.89 (0.78-1.01)	0.061	1.11 (0.99-1.26)	0.082
Diabetes	No(ref)
	Yes	1.16 (0.91-1.49)	0.231	None
≥ 2 metabolic abnormalities	No(ref)
	Yes	3.38 (3.00-3.82)	< 0.001	3.38 (2.99-3.81)	< 0.001
Take the initiative to acquire medical knowledge	No(ref)
	Yes	1.14 (1.02-1.26)	0.017	1.14 (1.03-1.27)	0.014
Laboratory inspection
TG, mmol/L		1.31 (1.15-1.49)	< 0.001	1.33 (1.27-1.40)	< 0.001
TC, mmol/L		1.09 (0.81-1.45)	0.578	None
LDL- C, mmol/L		1.00 (0.74-1.35)	0.997	None
HDL-C, mmol/L		0.50 (0.33-0.73)	< 0.001	0.58 (0.47-0.71)	< 0.001
TBIL, μmol/L		1.01 (1.00-1.02)	0.044	0.98 (0.98-0.99)	< 0.001
AST, U/L		0.98 (0.97-0.98)	< 0.001	1.01 (1.01-1.01)	< 0.001
ALT, U/L		1.02 (1.02-1.03)	< 0.001	1.02 (1.02-1.02)	< 0.001
A/G		1.85 (1.53-2.25)	< 0.001	0.99 (0.92-1.08)	0.884
BUN, mmol/L		0.98 (0.94-1.02)	0.388	None
FPG, mmol/L		0.97 (0.91-1.04)	0.426	None
HbA1c (%)		1.35 (1.20-1.52)	< 0.001	1.52 (1.47-1.57)	< 0.001
Total bile acid, μmol/L		1.00 (1.00-1.01)	0.395	None
SUA, μmol/L		1.00 (1.00-1.01)	< 0.001	1.01 (1.01-1.01)	< 0.001
Platelets (×109/L)		1.00 (1.00-1.00)	< 0.001	1.00 (1.00-1.00)	< 0.001
Creatinine, μmol/L		0.99 (0.99-1.00)	< 0.001	0.99 (0.99-0.99)	< 0.001
Lifestyle management
Inappetence	Never(ref)		0.597	None
	Occasionally	1.13 (0.84-1.52)	0.409	None
	Often	1.16 (0.86-1.57)	0.322	None
Do you often eat late night snacks	Never(ref)		0.529	None
	Occasionally	1.33 (0.78-2.28)	0.288
	Often	1.37 (0.79-2.35)	0.260
Crapulent	No(ref)
	Yes	0.93 (0.73-1.20)	0.586	None
Food preference	Light (ref)		0.868	None
	Briny	0.97 (0.85-1.10)	0.617
	Unclear	0.99 (0.85-1.14)	0.874
Drink beverage	Never (ref)		0.015		0.004
	Occasionally	2.66 (1.37-5.18)	0.004	1.01 (0.85-1.20)	0.917
	Often	2.69 (1.36-5.32)	0.004	0.32 (0.17-0.63)	0.001
Exercise frequency	1-2 times/wk (ref)		0.048		0.025
	3-5 times/wk	1.20 (1.03-1.40)	0.017	0.95 (0.84-1.08)	0.429
	> 5 times/wk	1.14 (1.00-1.30)	0.049	0.82 (0.71-0.95)	0.009
Exercise training		0.39 (0.04-3.58)	0.404	None
Exercise duration	< 30 min (ref)		0.049		0.045
	30-60 min	0.81 (0.68-0.96)	0.017	1.07 (0.94-1.22)	0.283
	> 60 min	0.87 (0.76-1.00)	0.045	1.24 (1.04-1.47)	0.015
Labor intensity	Light physical labor (ref)		0.049		0.026
	Moderate physical labor	0.80 (0.66-0.97)	0.024	0.78 (0.65-0.95)	0.013
	Heavy physical labor	0.79 (0.51-1.21)	0.273	0.77 (0.50-1.18)	0.226
Psychological states
Irritability	Never (ref)		0.637	None
	Occasionally	1.01 (0.89-1.15)	0.851
	Often	1.14 (0.87-1.50)	0.346
Tense and unrelaxed	Never (ref)		0.806	None
	Occasionally	0.95 (0.820-1.11)	0.351
	Often	0.96 (0.69-1.35)	0.828
Anxious	Never (ref)		0.076		0.091
	Occasionally	0.92 (0.78-1.08)	0.290	0.96 (0.85-1.07)	0.447
	Often	1.38 (0.91-2.08)	0.127	1.31 (1.00-1.73)	0.052
Depress	Never (ref)		0.211	None
	Occasionally	1.09 (0.92-1.29)	0.320
	Often	0.77 (0.49-1.21)	0.264
Sleep	Well (ref)		0.221	None
	Moderate	0.98 (0.82-1.16)	0.791
	Bad	0.89 (0.74-1.07)	0.225

BMI: Body Mass Index; SUA: Serum uric acid; TG: Triglycerides; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; TBIL: Total bilirubin; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine transaminase; A/G: Albumin/globulin; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin.