Evaluation of a protocol for rifaximin discontinuation in critically ill patients with liver disease receiving broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy

Table 2 Baseline characteristics

Variable	Control (n = 32)	Protocol (n = 32)	P value
Male	19 (59.4)	18 (56.2)	0.21
Age (yr)	57.9 (± 12.9)	53.0 (± 12.7)	0.13
Race			0.01
White	26 (81.3)	24 (75)
Unavailable	4 (12.5)	2 (6.3)
Black	1 (3.1)	1 (3.1)
American Indian/Alaskan native	1 (3.1)	0 (0)
Asian	0 (0)	0 (0)
Multiracial-Multicultural	0 (0)	0 (0)
Weight (kg)	85.4 (± 23.1)	91.3 (± 29.2)	0.37
Direct Intensive Care Unit Admission	15 (46.9)	12 (37.5)	0.45
SOFA score	10.2 (± 3.0)	11 (± 3.2)	0.34
NE requirements, mcg/kg/min	0 (0, 0.136)	0.023 (0, 0.309)	0.02
MELD-Na	28.5 (± 8.5)	30.0 (± 8.2)	0.48
West-Haven grade			0.31
Unavailable	10 (31.3)	6 (18.8)
0	6 (18.8)	8 (25)
1	6 (18.8)	6 (18.8)
2	4 (12.5)	6 (18.8)
3	5 (15.6)	5 (15.6)
4	1 (3.1)	1 (3.1)
Glasgow Coma Score	9 (6, 14)	11 (7, 15)	0.69
Cirrhosis Etiology			0.21
Ethanol	17 (53.1)	21 (65.6)
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis	9 (28.1)	5 (15.6)
Primary biliary cholangitis	2 (6.3)	1 (3.1)
Autoimmune hepatitis	2 (6.3)	1 (3.1)
Primary sclerosing cholangitis	0 (0)	1 (3.1)
Unknown	2 (6.3)	0 (0)
Other	0 (0)	3 (9.4)
Pre-ICU rifaximin treatment	12 (37.5)	17 (48.6)	0.21
Antibiotic Indication			0.80
Empiric; source unknown	20 (62.5)	23 (71.9)
Pneumonia	6 (18.8)	3 (9.4)
Intraabdominal	4 (12.5)	4 (12.5)
Bloodstream infection	1 (3.1)	1 (3.1)
Skin and soft tissue	1 (3.1)	0 (0)
Bone and joint infection	0 (0)	1 (3.1)
Rifaximin regimen			0.37
550 mg BID	31 (96.9)	31 (96.9)
400 mg BID	1 (3.1)	0 (0)
200 mg BID	0 (0)	1 (3.1)
Deep sedation use	5 (15.6)	9 (28.1)	0.38
Benzodiazepine use	3 (9.4)	0 (0)	0.29
Continuous neuromuscular blockade use	2 (6.3)	3 (9.4)	1.00
Polyethylene glycol use	9 (28.1)	13 (40.6)	0.29
Lactulose use	29 (90.6)	31 (96.9)	0.30
Gastrointestinal bleeding treatment	8 (25)	14 (43.8)	0.11
Alcohol withdrawal diagnosis	1 (3.1)	0 (0)	1.00
Ileus	6 (18.8)	9 (28.1)	0.56
C. difficile infection	1 (3.1)	2 (6.3)	1.00

All values are presented as mean ± SD, median (interquartile range), or N (%). BID: bis in die; ICU: Intensive care units; MELD-Na: Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Sodium score; NE: Norepinephrine; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score.