Hereditary hemochromatosis: Temporal trends, sociodemographic characteristics, and independent risk factor of hepatocellular cancer – nationwide population-based study

Table 1 Patient characteristics, comorbidities in hereditary hemochromatosis (excluding liver diseases) patients

Variables	Weighted, n	Weighted, % (95%Cl)
Total, n	18031
Sex
Female	6903	38.27 (36.59–39.9)
Male	11123	61.69 (59.9–63.4)
Age (y), mean (SD)	62.19 ± 34.36
Age groups (yr)
< 18	158	0.88 (0.54–1.20)
18-44	2046	11.37 (10.2–12.5)
45-64	7007	38.90 (37.15–40.6)
65-84	7933	43.93 (42.2–45.7)
85+	887	4.91 (4.15–5.69)
Race/Ethnicity
White	15850	87.87 (86.6–89.2)
Black	315	1.76 (1.30–2.19)
Hispanic	545	3.01 (2.42–3.62)
Asian or Pacific Islander	105	0.58 (0.33–0.83)
Native American	30	0.17 (0.03–0.30)
Other	1186	6.60 (5.52–7.63)
Comorbidities
Coronary artery disease	3357	18.61 (17.24–20.0)
Cardiomyopathy	900	4.99 (4.19–5.79)
Arrythmias	4250	23.57 (22.1–25.1)
Heart failure	2848	15.79 (14.5–17.1)
Liver cancer	209	1.16 (0.78–1.53)
HIV	35	0.19 (0.05–0.34)
Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency	55	0.31 (0.11–0.49)
Disorders of porphyrin metabolism	105	0.58 (0.30–0.86)
Hepatomegaly	123	0.68 (0.38–0.98)
Splenomegaly	169	0.93 (0.56–1.32)
Hypertension	7892	43.76 (42.0–45.5)
Diabetes mellitus with chronic complications	2323	12.88 (11.7–14.1)
Diabetes mellitus without chronic complications	2485	13.78 (12.6–15.0)
Lipid metabolism disorders	6781	37.60 (35.9–39.3)
Thyroid disorders	3285	18.21 (16.9–15.6)
Pancreatitis	484	2.69 (2.13–3.23)
Pituitary disorders	259	1.43 (0.99–1.87)
Obesity	2971	16.48 (15.1–17.9)
Depression	2673	14.82 (13.5–16.1)
Symptoms
Musculoskeletal pain	1011	5.61 (4.79–6.42)
Malaise and fatigue	557	3.09 (2.49–3.68)
Arthropathy	384	2.13 (1.65–2.61)
Weight Loss	219	1.22 (0.81–1.61)
Loss of appetite	87	0.49 (0.26–0.70)
Hypogonadism	193	1.07 (0.66–1.49)
Erectile dysfunction	140	0.78 (0.45–1.10)
jaundice	184	1.02 (0.67–1.38)
Disorientation	374	2.07 (1.61–2.54)
Family history
Family history of diseases of the circulatory system	1109	6.15 (5.26–7.04)
Family history of diabetes mellitus	500	2.77 (2.17–3.37)
Family history of malignant neoplasms	814	4.51 (3.77–5.25)
Substance use
Smoking	7577	42.02 (40.2–43.8)
Alcohol	1536	8.52 (7.49–9.54)
Cannabis use	219	1.22 (0.83–1.60)
Opioids	315	1.74 (1.29–2.20)

HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus.