Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: Can we stratify at-risk populations?

Table 3 Incidence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma and independent risk factors among patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/metabolic-dysfunction associated fatty liver disease without cirrhosis

Ref.	Population studied	n	Mean follow-up (yr)	Incidence rate of HCC	Independent risk factors
Kanwal et al[28]	VHA database (United States)	295.623	9.0 ± 2.2	0.08/1000 person-years	Male gender; Age > 65 yr; hispanics
Lee et al[35]	General population-based study (Taiwan of China)	18.081	Median 6.32	10-yr cumulative incidence 2.73% (95%CI: 1.69–3.76)	Age > 55 yr; elevated ALT
Alexander et al[36]	General population-based study (Europe)	136.703	Median 3.3	0.3/1000 person-years	Diabetes
Kawamura et al[38]	Clinic-based study (Japan)	6.508	Median 5.6	Annual incidence 0.043%	AST ≥ 40 IU/L; platelet count < 150 × 103/μL; age > 60 yr; diabetes
Arase et al[40]	Clinic-based study (Japan)	1.600	8.2	0.78/1000 person-years	Age > 70 yr; smoking; elevated glucose level
Kanwal et al[39]	VHA database (United States)	271.906	9.3 ± 2.7	253 cases1	Diabetes

¹Incidence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma was not calculated.

HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; VHA: Veterans Health Administration; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase.