Mortality and health care burden of Budd Chiari syndrome in the United States: A nationwide analysis (1998-2017)

Table 1 Characteristics of patients and hospitals and individual effects on mortality, length of stay and total charges

Study time period	1998-2017	Individual effect (Type III test, P value)
		Mortality	Length of stay	Total charges
BCS patients' characteristics
Age	50.50 (0.19)	< 0.001	0.052	< 0.001
Female	55.19 (0.54)	0.003	0.001	< 0.001
Race		0.138	0.013	< 0.001
1: White	56.03 (0.54)
2: Black	13.26 (0.37)
3: Hispanic	9.56 (0.32)
4: Asian/Pacific Islander	2.56 (0.17)
6: Other	3.65 (0.2)
9: Unknown	14.93 (0.39)
Primary payer		< 0.001	0.002	< 0.001
1: Medicare	33.17 (0.52)
2: Medicaid	18.42 (0.42)
3: Private insurance	40.20 (0.54)
6: Other	8.21 (0.3)
Hospital characteristics
Hospital size		0.014	< 0.001	< 0.001
1: Small	9.81 (0.32)
2: Medium	18.92 (0.43)
3: Large	71.27 (0.49)
Hospital location and teaching status		0.195	< 0.001	< 0.001
1: Rural	6.89 (0.28)
2: Urban nonteaching	24.24 (0.47)
3: Urban teaching	68.87 (0.51)
Hospital region		0.533	0.010	< 0.001
1: Northeast	21.84 (0.45)
2: Midwest	22.15 (0.46)
3: South	33.45 (0.52)
4: West	22.57 (0.46)
Clinical characteristics
Ascites	29.93 (0.5)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Acute kidney injury	18.84 (0.43)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Hepatic cirrhosis with no mention of alcohol	18.65 (0.43)	0.901	0.031	0.838
Cancer	17.26 (0.41)	< 0.001	0.002	0.010
Portal hypertension	16.57 (0.41)	0.029	0.898	0.000
Hepatic encephalopathy	9.59 (0.32)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Portal vein thrombosis	7.92 (0.3)	0.006	0.372	0.073
Esophageal varices without bleeding	7.44 (0.29)	0.002	0.324	0.091
Acute respiratory Failure	7.03 (0.28)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
HCC	6.93 (0.28)	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.543
Acute blood loss anemia/hemorrhagic	6.62 (0.27)	0.008	< 0.001	< 0.001
IVC thrombosis	6.39 (0.27)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Sepsis	6.10 (0.26)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Alcoholic cirrhosis	5.73 (0.25)	0.113	0.731	0.140
Acute liver failure	5.60 (0.25)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Hepatorenal syndrome	3.29 (0.2)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Variceal bleeding	3.20 (0.19)	0.107	0.160	0.001
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis	2.83 (0.18)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Intestinal infarct/acute vascular insufficiency	2.11 (0.16)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Elixhauser Comoridity Score excluding liver disease	9.38 (0.12)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

All data are presented as percentage (SE) for categorical variables and mean (SE) for continuous variables. BCS: Budd Chiari syndrome; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma IVC: Inferior vena cava.