Health-related quality of life in autoimmune hepatitis

Table 1 Overview of the studies assessing aspects of health-related quality of life in autoimmune hepatitis

Ref.	Country	Population (n)	Biochemical remission (%)	Cirrhosis (%)	Questionnaire	Factors/results
van der Plas et al[13], 2007	The Netherlands	AIH (142), other liver diseases (776)	-	-	SF-36, MFI-20, LDSI	HRQoL impairment; Association with: Fatigue
Afendy et al[8], 2009	United States, Italy	AIH (13), other chronic liver diseases (1090)	-	84.61	SF-36	HRQoL impairment; Negative correlation: Age (every scale), female gender (primary predictor of mental health), cirrhosis (every scale, primary predictor of physical health)
Schramm et al[12], 2014	Germany	AIH (103)	77	27	SF-12, PHQ-9, GAD-7	HRQoL impairment (total mental score/mental well-being); Association with: depression and anxiety (positive correlation with female gender, corticosteroid use, and concerns about progression of the liver disease)
Takahashi et al[11], 2018	Japan	AIH (265), chronic hepatitis C (88)	-	10.6	CLDQ, SF-36	HRQoL impairment; Negative correlation: Age, cirrhosis, comorbid diseases, corticosteroid use (worry domain), disease duration, AST; Positive correlation: platelet count
Wong et al[14], 2018	United Kingdom	AIH (990)	56	33	EQ-5D-5L, FIS, CFQ, HADS	HRQoL impairment; Positive correlation: Biochemical remission; Negative correlation: overlap syndromes, corticosteroid use, and calcineurin inhibitor use
Janik et al[15], 2019	Poland	AIH (140)	-	55	SF-36, MFIS, PHQ-9, STAI	HRQoL impairment (every scale, except role emotional2); Negative correlation: Female gender, depression, trend toward better HRQoL (physical health) with budesonide vs prednisone; Association with: Anxiety, depression, and fatigue
Dirks et al[9], 2019	Germany	AIH (27), AIH/PBC (8), other liver diseases (97)	-	0	SF-36, FIS, HADS	HRQoL impairment; Association with: Anxiety, depression, and fatigue
Castellanos-Fernández et al[7], 2021	Cuba	AIH (22), overlap syndrome of AIH and PBC (7), PBC (14), other liver diseases (500)	-	43.93	FACIT-F, WPAI:SHP, CLDQ	HRQoL impairment; Positive correlation: Male gender, exercising > 90 min/wk; Negative correlation: Fatigue, abdominal pain, anxiety, depression, and extrahepatic comorbidity (diabetes mellitus type 2, sleep apnea)
Cortesi et al[10], 2020	Italy	AIH (51), other chronic liver diseases (2911)	-	0	EQ-5D-3L	HRQoL impairment in AIH

¹Eight patients with Child-Pugh class A and three patients with Child-Pugh class C.

²Scale measures the impact of emotional problems on work and daily activities.

³Cirrhosis in patients with autoimmune liver diseases (n = 43). AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis; HRQoL: Health-related quality of life; PBC: Primary biliary cholangitis; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; CFQ: Cognitive failure questionnaire; CLDQ: Chronic liver disease questionnaire; ECR: Experiences in close relationship scale; EQ-5D-5L/3L: European quality of life 5-dimension 5-level/3-level; FACIT-F: Functional assessment of chronic illness therapy-fatigue; FIS: Fatigue impact scale; GAD-7: Generalized anxiety disorder screener; HADS: Hospital anxiety depression scale; LDSI: Liver disease symptom index 2.0; MFI-20: Multidimensional fatigue index-20; PHQ-9: Patient health questionnaire; SF-12: Short-form 12; SF-36: Short-form 36; STAI: State-trait anxiety inventory; WPAI:SHP: Work productivity and activity-specific health problem.