Preoperative immunonutrition in patients undergoing liver resection: A prospective randomized trial

Table 4 All complications in patients who received either immunonutrition or standard care preoperatively

	IMN	STD	P value 1
Infectious complications
Urinary tract	3	0
Surgical site	2	2
Blood stream	5	0
Gastrointestinal	2	1
Lower respiratory tract	3	3
Non Infectious complications
AF/Bradycardia/Tachycardia	3	2
Acute kidney injury	3	0
Aspiration pneumonia	1	0
Acute respiratory distress syndrome	1	0
Atelectasis	7	6
Bowel obstruction	1	3
Diarrhoea	1	0
Electrolyte derangement	4	3
Encephalopathy	1	0
Hypotension	2	0
Ileus	4	2
Ischaemic optic neuropathy	1	0
Leak	1	0
Nausea and vomiting	1	2
Pleural effusion	5	3
Pain requiring epidural	2	0
Pneumothorax	1	0
Non infected collection	1	0
Wound dehiscence	1	0
Total infectious complications	15	6
Total non-infectious complications	40	21
Total complications	55	27
Patients with an infectious complication	10	4	0.087
Patients with a non-infectious complication	11	11	0.445
Patients with any complication	12	11	0.598
Severity of complication			0.047
Patients with major complication (Clavien-Dindo Grade ≥ III)	7	1
Patients with minor complication (Clavien-Dindo Grade < III)	5	10
Patients without any complication	5	4

¹Fisher’s exact test. AF: Atrial fibrillation; IMN: Immunonutrition; STD: Standard care.