Proton beam therapy in apneic oxygenation treatment of an unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A case report and review of literature

Figure 1 Large hepatocellular carcinoma with vascular invasion and satellite metastases in the magnetic resonance imaging scan prior to proton beam therapy. A: The upper portion of the main tumor abutting the heart in axial plane is shown; B: Extended hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with invasion of portal and hepatic veins in the axial plane is shown; C: The lower portion of the main tumor abutting the inferior vena cava is shown, with dilated segmental bile ducts and 2 liver metastases in the left hepatic lobe; D-G: The HCC involved all three hepatic veins as well as the portal vein. The inferior vena cava was also compressed.