Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography drainage for palliation of malignant hilar biliary obstruction — stent-in-stent or side-by-side? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Figure 1 Two methods of bilateral drainage of the bile ducts. A: Side-by-side; B: Stent-in-stent.

Figure 2 Flow diagram showing the article selection process.

Figure 3 Forest plot — studies reporting rate of technical success using a fixed-effects model. CI: Confidence interval; SIS: Stent-in-stent; SBS: Side-by-side; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; M-H: Mantel-Haenszel test.

Figure 4 Forest plot — studies reporting rate of clinical success using a random-effects model. CI: Confidence interval; SIS: Stent-in-stent; SBS: Side-by-side; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; M-H: Mantel-Haenszel test.

Figure 5 Forest plot — studies reporting rate of early adverse events using a fixed-effects model. CI: Confidence interval; SIS: Stent-in-stent; SBS: Side-by-side; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; M-H: Mantel-Haenszel test.

Figure 6 Forest plot — studies reporting rate of late adverse events using a fixed-effects model. CI: Confidence interval; SIS: Stent-in-stent; SBS: Side-by-side; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; M-H: Mantel-Haenszel test.

Figure 7 Forest plot — studies reporting the number of days of stent patency using a fixed-effects model. CI: Confidence interval; SIS: Stent-in-stent; SBS: Side-by-side; RCT: Randomized controlled trial.

Figure 8 Forest plot — studies reporting the rates of reintervention using a fixed-effects model. CI: Confidence interval; SIS: Stent-in-stent; SBS: Side-by-side; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; M-H: Mantel-Haenszel test.

Figure 9 Forest plot — studies reporting the rates of procedural-related mortality using a fixed-effects model. CI: Confidence interval; SIS: Stent-in-stent; SBS: Side-by-side; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; M-H: Mantel-Haenszel test.