Advances in cellular technology in the hematology field: What have we learned so far?

Table 3 Summary and comparison of protocols employed for differentiation of embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells

Hematopoietic lineage	Culture conditions for ESCs	Culture conditions for iPSCs	Cytokines used in ESC differentiation	Cytokines used in iPSC differentiation	Ref.
Erythrocytes	Cells grown initially on mitomycin-treated Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts; BGM and Stemline II media are used; Final step was in co-culture with OP9 cells or human mesenchymal stem cells	Cells are grown in co-culture with human fetal liver-derived feeder layer	BMP-4, VEGF165, FGF, thrombopoietin, FLT-3L, t-PTD-HoxB4 fusion protein, Epo, IL-3	IL-3, SCF, Epo, BMP-4, Insulin-like growth factor-1	[28,31,32,74]
Megakaryocytes	Cells are grown in co-culture with OP9 stromal cells	Feeder-free culture in serum-free Stemline medium or in OP9 or C3H10T1/2	IL-6, IL11 and thrombopoietin	BMP-4, VEGF, FGF, SCF, thrombopoietin, FLT-3L, IL-11	[35,75,76]
Mast cells	Cells are grown in co-culture with OP9 stromal cells	Mice iPSCs were initially co-cultured in on mitomycin-treated Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with LIF added. In the final step, OP9 cells were used as feeder layer	SCF, IL-6, IL-3 and FLT-3L	IL-3, IL-6 and SCF	[43,44,77]
Macrophages	Cells are grown in co-culture with OP9 stromal cells, but in an alternative method, no feeder layer was used, EBs were produced by the spinning method	Cells are grown in co-culture with OP9 stromal cells	IL-3 and M-CSF	FGF, BMP-4, VEGF, IL-3, IL-6, IL-11, SCF	[45,78]
T lymphocytes	Cells are grown in co-culture with OP9 stromal cells	Initial culture was done on irradiated SNL76/7 cells and further steps on OP9-DL1 cells	FLT-3L, IL-7 and SCF	FLT-3L, IL-5	[49-52,79]
B lymphocytes	Cells are grown in co-culture with OP9 stromal cells	Cells are grown in co-culture with OP9 stromal cells	FLT-3L, IL-7	FLT-3L, IL-3, IL-7 and SCF	[53-55,80]
Eosinophils	Cells are grown in co-culture with OP9 stromal cells	No established protocol	IL-5, IL-3, GM-CSF and Eotaxin	No established protocol	[56]
Neutrophils	Cells are grown in co-culture with OP9 stromal cells	Cells are grown in co-culture with OP9 stromal cells	BMP-4, SCF, FLT-3L, IL-6, IL-6 receptor fusion protein, thrombopoietin and G-CSF	VEGF, IL-3, SCF, thrombopoietin and G- CSF	[59,81]
Dendritic cells	Cells are grown in co-culture with OP9 stromal cells	Cell culture was feeder free, initially on mTeSR1 medium and posteriorly using X-VIVO 15 medium	GM-CSF, IL-4, TNF-α	BMP-4, VEGF, SCF, GM-CSF, IL-4	[60,61,82]
Natural killer Cells	Cells are grown in co-culture with M210-B4 cells initially and AFT024 cells in the final step	Cells are grown in co-culture with M210-B4 cells initially and AFT024 cells in the final step	IL-3, IL-7, IL-15, SCF and FTL-3L	IL-3, IL-7, IL-15, SCF and FTL-3L	[63,83]

ESCs: Embryonic stem cells; iPSCs: Induced pluripotent stem cells; FGF: Fibroblast growth factor; BMP-4: Bone morphogenetic protein-4; SCF: Stem cell factor; BGM: Blast-colony growth media; Epo: Erythropoietin; BSA: Bovine serum albumin.