RNA-centered mechanisms sustaining self-renewal in hepatocellular carcinoma stem cells: Effector dosage, protein output and regulatory deployment

Figure 2 RNA modification, editing and translational machinery specify protein output. A: YTHDF1 increases the stability and translation of m6A-marked NOTCH1 mRNA, whereas METTL3 promotes FZD10 expression; B: ADAR1-mediated A-to-I editing of GLI1 mRNA produces the R701G variant, reducing SUFU restraint and increasing nuclear GLI1 activity; C: METTL16 supports rRNA maturation and ribosome biogenesis, whereas TRMT6-TRMT61A-mediated tRNA m1A favors PPARδ translation and cholesterol-linked Hedgehog signaling.