Applying microfluidic techniques for biomaterial and mechanical regulation of mesenchymal stem cells

Figure 2 Microfluidic fabrication of hydrogel microspheres and microfibers. A: Production of hydrogel microspheres using droplet microfluidics (e.g., T-junction, Y-junction, flow focusing, and co-flow), followed by solidification via UV, thermal, or ionic cross-linking; B: Generation of hydrogel microfibers via coaxial laminar flow (core flow and sheath flow), enabling the formation of ordered, helical, and “bamboo-like” structures for three-dimensional cell culture and tissue engineering. Selected illustrations were created with BioRender.com.