Mesenchymal stem cells therapy ameliorates esophageal dysmotility in gastroesophageal reflux disease by modulating smooth muscle contractility, alleviating senescence by targeting the DNMT3a-HIF1α axis

Figure 2 Mesenchymal stem cells mitigate esophageal aging and inflammation in gastroesophageal reflux disease rats. This figure illustrates mesenchymal stem cell effects on esophageal aging and inflammation in gastroesophageal reflux disease rats. A: Hematoxylin and eosin staining histological sections; B: Β-galactosidase staining images indicating cellular senescence; C and D: Immunohistochemical images for tumor necrosis factor-α (pro-inflammatory marker) and interleukin-10 (anti-inflammatory marker), respectively. Error bars represent SEM. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001 for gastroesophageal reflux disease group vs normal group; ^dP < 0.05, ^eP < 0.01 for mesenchymal stem cell group vs gastroesophageal reflux disease group. NS: Not significant; Nor: Normal; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; β-gal: Β-galactosidase; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin.