Very small embryonic-like stem cells: A predictor synergizing with complement and inflammatory factors for immunoglobulin A nephropathy prognosis

doi:10.4252/wjsc.120694

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World Journal of Stem Cells

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1948-0210

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World J Stem Cells. Aug 26, 2026; 18(8): 120694
Published online Aug 26, 2026. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.120694

Table 2 Comparison of the complement alternative pathway, inflammatory markers, and stem cell indicators between end-stage renal disease patients and non-end-stage renal disease patients, mean ± SD/n (%)

Indicators	Non-ESRD (n = 224)	ESRD (n = 31)	t/χ²	P value
CFH (mg/L)	612.75 ± 185.97	547.72 ± 149.54	1.864	0.063
CFB (mg/L)	395.88 ± 85.99	361.91 ± 77.08	4.112	< 0.001^a
CFI (mg/L)	55.44 ± 8.91	50.68 ± 6.95	9.452	< 0.001^a
SC5b-9 (mg/L)	0.52 ± 0.06	0.54 ± 0.18	1.330	0.185
C3a (mg/L)	0.79 ± 0.11	0.65 ± 0.07	6.366	< 0.001^a
BAFF (ng/mL)	4.34 ± 0.25	4.41 ± 0.31	1.431	0.154
MCP-1 (pg/mL)	227.98 ± 57.01	289.56 ± 55.42	5.463	< 0.001^a
CXCL-10 (pg/mL)	137.91 ± 25.94	145.05 ± 34.18	1.377	0.170
IL-6 (pg/mL)	19.58 ± 3.58	23.46 ± 5.66	5.211	< 0.001^a
TNF-α (pg/mL)	21.65 ± 3.95	26.95 ± 4.31	6.924	< 0.001^a
VSELs (events/600 μL whole blood)	52.87 ± 6.42	62.94 ± 12.93	6.986	< 0.001^a
HSCs (events/600 μL whole blood)	81.47 ± 6.88	83.32 ± 7.47	1.419	0.157
EPCs (events/600 μL whole blood)	40.25 ± 5.42	38.57 ± 3.99	1.673	0.096

^aP < 0.05.

ESRD: End-stage renal disease; CFH: Complement factor H; CFB: Complement factor B; CFI: Complement factor I; BAFF: B-cell activating factor; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; CXCL-10: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; VSELs: Very small embryonic-like stem cells; HSCs: Hematopoietic stem cells; EPCs: Endothelial progenitor cells.

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Citation: Lou CL, Ren KX, Xu XQ, Wang XJ, Fan XP, Feng B, Hu PX, Zhou YJ. Very small embryonic-like stem cells: A predictor synergizing with complement and inflammatory factors for immunoglobulin A nephropathy prognosis. World J Stem Cells 2026; 18(8): 120694
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-0210/full/v18/i8/120694.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.120694

Lou CL, Ren KX, Xu XQ, Wang XJ, Fan XP, Feng B, Hu PX, Zhou YJ. Very small embryonic-like stem cells: A predictor synergizing with complement and inflammatory factors for immunoglobulin A nephropathy prognosis. World J Stem Cells 2026; 18(8): 120694 [DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.120694]

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