Extracellular vesicle therapeutics for cardiac regeneration: Overcoming standardization hurdles

doi:10.4252/wjsc.114716

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World Journal of Stem Cells

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1948-0210

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Stem Cells. Aug 26, 2026; 18(8): 114716
Published online Aug 26, 2026. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.114716

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Figure 1 Combination of exercise and mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles contributes to attenuated cardiac hypertrophy via dual pathway modulation. ↑: Increased expression/activation; ↓: Decreased expression/inhibition; ★: Fine-tuned regulation; Color code: Blue - exercise; green - EVs; purple – synergy. MSC-EVs: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; GSH: Glutathione; EV: Extracellular vesicle; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; Akt: Protein kinase B; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; SERCA2a: Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2a; MMP-9: Matrix metalloproteinase 9; ECM: Extracellular matrix; CHP: Cell-penetrating peptide; CEP: Cell-entering peptide; ROS: Reactive oxygen species.

Citation: Xue RQ, Hou JY, Gao WX, Zhang LH, Liu YX, Zhou XS. Extracellular vesicle therapeutics for cardiac regeneration: Overcoming standardization hurdles. World J Stem Cells 2026; 18(8): 114716
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-0210/full/v18/i8/114716.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.114716

Xue RQ, Hou JY, Gao WX, Zhang LH, Liu YX, Zhou XS. Extracellular vesicle therapeutics for cardiac regeneration: Overcoming standardization hurdles. World J Stem Cells 2026; 18(8): 114716 [DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.114716]

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