Extracellular vesicle therapeutics for cardiac regeneration: Overcoming standardization hurdles

doi:10.4252/wjsc.114716

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World Journal of Stem Cells

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1948-0210

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Stem Cells. Aug 26, 2026; 18(8): 114716
Published online Aug 26, 2026. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.114716

Table 2 Testing technologies for critical quality attributes of extracellular vesicles

Attribute category	Critical quality attributes	Example testing technologies
Physical characterization	Particle size distribution & concentration	NTA
	Single-particle sizing & surface markers (e.g., CD9, CD63, CD81)	Nanoscale flow cytometry
	Morphology/structure	TEM
	Mechanical properties (e.g., stiffness, viscoelasticity)	AFM
Molecular profiling	Protein composition (including marker & functional proteins)	Proteomics
	miRNA composition & profile	miRNA sequencing
	Lipid composition	Lipidomics
Functional potency	Cell survival/anti-apoptotic capacity	Functional cell-based assays (e.g., caspase-3 activity)
	Calcium handling capacity	Functional cell-based assays (e.g., calcium imaging)
	Mitochondrial function	Functional cell-based assays (e.g., mitochondrial membrane potential measurement)

NTA: Nanoparticle tracking analysis; TEM: Transmission electron microscopy; AFM: Atomic force microscopy; miRNA: MicroRNA.

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Citation: Xue RQ, Hou JY, Gao WX, Zhang LH, Liu YX, Zhou XS. Extracellular vesicle therapeutics for cardiac regeneration: Overcoming standardization hurdles. World J Stem Cells 2026; 18(8): 114716
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-0210/full/v18/i8/114716.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.114716

Xue RQ, Hou JY, Gao WX, Zhang LH, Liu YX, Zhou XS. Extracellular vesicle therapeutics for cardiac regeneration: Overcoming standardization hurdles. World J Stem Cells 2026; 18(8): 114716 [DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.114716]

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