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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026.
World J Stem Cells. Jul 26, 2026; 18(7): 122823
Published online Jul 26, 2026. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.122823
Figure 3
Figure 3 Evolution of stem cell-related strategies for hearing restoration from 1990 to 2025. The timeline summarizes the emergence and major progress of key strategies, including pluripotent stem cell-derived auditory cells, endogenous reprogramming, mesenchymal stem/stromal cell/extracellular vesicle-based therapies, cochlear organoids, spiral ganglion neuron/circuit repair, and bioengineering-assisted cochlear implant integration. PSC: Pluripotent stem cell; MSC: Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell; EV: Extracellular vesicle; SGN: Spiral ganglion neuron; hESC: Human embryonic stem cell; hPSC: Human pluripotent stem cell.


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