Platelet-derived mitochondria transfer accelerates fracture healing by promoting osteogenic differentiation and metabolic reprogramming of adipose-derived stem cells

Figure 2 Platelets facilitate metabolic reprogramming and osteogenic differentiation. Adipose-derived stem cells were treated with platelets. A: Cell proliferation was detected using carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester; B: Glucose consumption was detected using a commercial kit; C and D: Extracellular acidification rate (C) and oxygen consumption rate (D) were measured using the Seahorse experiments; E: Lactate content was detected using a commercial kit; F and G: Alkaline phosphatase staining (F) and Alizarin Red S staining (G) assays were performed to assess osteogenic differentiation. H and I: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (H) and western blotting (I) were performed to determine the expression levels of collagen I, BMP2, and RUNX2. n = 3. Data were analyzed using Student’s t-test and are presented as mean ± SD. NS: Not significant; CFSE: Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester; ECAR: Extracellular acidification rate; OCR: Oxygen consumption rate; 2-DG: 2-deoxy-D-glucose; Rote/AA: Rotenone/antimycin A; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ARS: Alizarin Red S.