From laboratory to clinic: Bridging regulatory and manufacturing gaps in stem cell-based therapies

Figure 4 Overview of cell and exosome therapeutic preparation pipeline. This illustration outlines the stepwise procedure used to produce exosome- and cell-derived therapeutic formulations. The workflow initiates with cell detachment, after which collected material undergoes centrifugation to separate cellular components from the culture medium. The product is then subjected to purification, enabling removal of unwanted contaminants and enrichment of target vesicles or cells. The final stage, sterile filtration, ensures microbiological safety and product consistency, resulting in a preparation that meets standards for therapeutic use. QC: Quality control.