Hypoxia-preconditioned adipose-derived stem cell exosomes promote osteogenic differentiation and bone formation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells through the Piezo1/Ca2+ signaling axis

Figure 3 Hypoxia-preconditioned exosomes regulate bone microstructure in ovariectomy rats. A: Quantitative analysis of bone mineral density, bone volume/tissue volume, trabecular number, and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) (n = 3, one-way ANOVA); B: Representative micro-computed tomography images of the distal femur; C: Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections showing trabecular bone morphology (scale bar: 100 μm); D: Western blot analysis and quantification of runt-related transcription factor 2 and osterix expression in bone tissue from different groups (n = 3, one-way ANOVA). ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.001. BMD: Bone mineral density; BV/TV: Bone volume/tissue volume; Tb.N: Trabecular number; Tb.Sp: Trabecular separation; OVX: Ovariectomy; Exos: Exosomes; HY-Exos: Hypoxia-preconditioned exosomes; Runx2: Runt-related transcription factor 2.