Anatomy, function, biomechanics, and regenerative properties of Wharton’s jelly in the umbilical cord

Figure 3 Translational pathway and bottlenecks in the clinical translation of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy. There are several steps in the clinical translation of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy, including tissue procurement, cell isolation and expansion, cell characterization, pre-clinical validation, and clinical validation. However, there are several bottlenecks in the clinical translation of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy, including donor variability, lack of standardization in cell isolation and potency, difficulties in large-scale manufacturing, and limited understanding of long-term safety and the mechanism of action. MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell.