Single-cell transcriptomics reveals a spermatogonial stem cell-centered spermatogenic microenvironment: Pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic targets in male infertility

Figure 2 Translational barriers from single-cell discoveries to clinical implementation. The translational gap comprises three interconnected barriers: Technical limitations (batch effects, spatial information loss), data biases (geographic underrepresentation of non-European populations risking therapy failures in neglected groups), and ethical/socioeconomic challenges (germline editing concerns, healthcare inequity, data privacy). Bridging this gap requires globally diverse cohorts, bias-aware artificial intelligence integration, and equitable governance frameworks. scRNA-seq: Single-cell RNA sequencing; RCT: Randomised controlled trial.