Stem cell derived exosomes: Emerging cell-free therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders

Table 3 Comparison of exosomes isolation methods

Isolation method	Purity	Pros	Cons
Ultracentrifugation	Low	Widely used, simple protocol	Time-consuming, multi-step process, high contamination risk
Size exclusion chromatography	High	Fast, simple and low-cost	Subtyping involves significant sample sizes and another procedure
Immunoaffinity-based approaches	High	Does not require special equipment, enrich cell-specific exosomes by targeted surface markers	Relies on high-cost antibodies, time consuming
Polymer-based precipitation	Low-to-medium	Low-cost method, easy protocol	Contamination risk, high cost, time consuming
Microfluidic devices	Low	Does not require special equipment, cost-effective	Design complexity
Nanotechnology	High	Commercially obtainable nanowires	High cost, restricts sample size