Stem cell derived exosomes: Emerging cell-free therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders

Table 2 Neuroregenerative effects of exosomes

Mechanisms	Functions	Effects
Neurotransmitter release	Exosomes release neurotransmitters, promoting neuronal communication	Enhanced synaptic plasticity, cell survival
Cellular communication	Exosomes facilitate communication between neurons, oligodendrocytes, and microglia	Regulation of cellular processes, neuroprotection
Epigenetic control	Exosomes influence gene expression, regulating neurogenesis and neuroinflammation	Modulation of neuroregenerative processes
Synaptic plasticity	Exosomes promote synaptic strengthening, neuronal adaptation	Improved cognitive function, memory
Neuroprotection	Exosomes transfer protective signals, enhancing cell survival	Reduced neuroinflammation, oxidative stress
Calcium influx regulation	Exosomes modulate calcium influx, regulating neuronal excitability	Maintenance of neuronal homeostasis
Serotonin-mediated release	Exosomes released via serotonin pathways, influencing mood regulation	Modulation of mood, cognitive function
Microglia activation	Exosomes from microglia regulate neuroinflammation, immune responses	Neuroprotection, reduced inflammation
Oligodendrocyte support	Enhance neuronal survival, myelination	Improved neuronal regeneration
Blood-brain barrier crossing	Facilitate neuroregeneration	Access to central nervous system for therapeutic interventions