Wound pathophysiology and healing dynamics for stem cell-mediated therapeutics in different skin wounds

Table 3 Ongoing and completed clinical trials using mesenchymal stem cells for wound healing and related disorders

Wound/injury	Site of transplantation/implantation	Additional agents	Autologous/allogeneic	Cell source	Phase	NCT number
Mandible fractures	Local application on the fracture site during the surgical procedure	-	Autologous	Adipose tissue	3	02755922
Tibial closed diaphyseal fractures	Local application in the fractured site	-	Allogeneic	Adipose tissue	2	02140528
Tendon injury	Ultrasound-guided injection at the injury site	-	Allogeneic	Adipose tissue	1	01856140
Non union fracture	Local application	Biphasic calcium phosphate biomaterial granules and iliac crest graft	Autologous	Bone marrow	3	03325504
Second- or third-degree burns	Local application	Plasma fibrin hydrogel	Allogeneic	Adipose tissue	2	03113747
Heel injury	Local application	Skin graft	Allogeneic	Umbilical cord	1	04219657
Poor healing after uterus injury	Intrauterine injection	-	Allogeneic	Umbilical cord	1	03386708
Second degree burn wounds of less than 20% of the total body surface area	Local application	-	Allogeneic	N/A	1	02104713
Chronic wounds in diabetic foot syndrome	Direct application onto the prepared wound bed	Fibrin gel	Allogeneic	Adipose tissue	1-2	03865394
Non-union of long bone fractures	Local application in fractured zone	-	Autologous	Bone marrow	1	01206179
Non-united tibial and femoral fractures	Injection in non-union site	-	N/A	Bone marrow	2	01788059
Tendon injury	Local injection under ultrasound guidance	Fibrin glue + range of motion exercise	Allogeneic	Adipose tissue	2	02298023
Distal tibial fractures	Local implantation at the fracture site	MSC carrier	Autologous	N/A	1-2	00250302
Ocular corneal burn	Subconjunctival injection	-	N/A	Bone marrow	2	02325843
Fracture non-union healing	Local application of in vitro-expanded MSC	Carrier	Autologous	Bone marrow	N/A	02177565
Chronic ulcer wounds	Topical application of Wharton jelly MSC culture medium	Gel carrier	Allogeneic	Umbilical cord	1	04134676
Knee articular cartilage injury	Local application	-	Allogeneic	Umbilical cord	3	01041001
Deep second-degree burn wound	Local application	Hydrogel sheet	Allogeneic	Adipose tissue	1	02394873
Long bones non-union	Percutaneous application around fracture ends	-	Autologous	Adipose tissue	1-2	04340284
Knee articular cartilage injury or defect	Local application	-	Allogeneic	Umbilical cord	3	01626677
Support of autologous chondrocyte transplantation with instant MSCs	Filling of cartilage defect	Glue carrier, autologous chondrons	Allogeneic	N/A	1-2	02037204
Tibial shaft fracture	Local injection	-	Autologous	Bone marrow	N/A	00512434
Mandibular distraction osteogenesis	Local injection	-	N/A	Bone marrow	N/A	03861650
Severe epidermolysis bullosa	Serial infusions	Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant	Allogeneic (related)	N/A	2	02582775
Severe epidermolysis bullosa	Infusions	Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant	Allogeneic	N/A	1-2	01033552
Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa	Infusions	-	Allogeneic	Umbilical cord blood	1-2	04520022
Epidermolysis bullosa	Local application	Hydrogel sheet	Allogeneic	Adipose tissue	1-2	02579369
Epidermolysis bullosa	Local application	Hydrogel sheet	Allogeneic	Adipose tissue	1-2	03183934
Treatment-refractory chronic venous ulcers	Topical application	-	Allogeneic	Skin derived	1-2	03257098
Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa	Infusions	-	Allogeneic	Skin derived	1-2A	03529877

NCT: National clinical trial; N/A: Not applicable; MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells.