Wound pathophysiology and healing dynamics for stem cell-mediated therapeutics in different skin wounds

Table 2 Comparison of various preconditioning approaches

No.	Preconditioning strategy	Mechanism of action	Consideration
1	Hypoxic preconditioning	Low O2 stimulates hypoxia-inducible factor production, which in turn stimulates the expression of genes involved in cell survival, proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, metabolism, and cell apoptosis[77]. Preconditioned cells secrete extracellular vesicles that contain proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and metabolites, and induce therapeutic effects through paracrine signaling[78]	Time duration and %O2 provided for hypoxia need to be optimized. Mainly essential for cell survival after transplantation
2	Compound/small molecule preconditioning	Compounds or small molecules may possess immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. They may induce cell proliferation and differentiation[72,73,78]	Cytotoxicity profile and effective dose optimization need to be done. Utilized when considering a specialized aspect or stem cell differentiation towards a specific lineage
3	Genetic engineering of MSCs	Genetic or epigenetic modification of MSCs is done to modify the expression of various genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation or other immunomodulatory properties[74-76]	For specialized therapeutic aspects or stem cell differentiation towards a specific lineage. It involves genetic manipulation