Wound pathophysiology and healing dynamics for stem cell-mediated therapeutics in different skin wounds

Table 1 Types of mechanical wounds and wound management[6,7]

Mechanical wounds	Overview	Wound management and concerns
Abrasions	Superficial damage to epidermis, may involve upper dermis	Rarely require sutures
Avulsions	Tearing away of the skin and underlying soft tissue. Irregular wound edges and flaps, exposing underlying structures. Prone to ischemia	Associated with a higher infection risk. Often require layered closure or delayed primary repair
Contusions	Blunt-force injuries damage skin and underlying tissue without necessarily breaking the epidermis	May evolve into hematomas or mask deeper injuries such as fractures or compartment syndrome
Lacerations	Linear or jagged tears in the skin caused by sharp or blunt trauma. Depth and location determine risk for nerve, tendon, or vascular involvement	Often present with well-defined edges commonly managed with primary closure
Puncture wounds	Caused by narrow, pointed objects that penetrate deep into tissue. External opening may be small, but underlying structures can be injured	Risk of infection is high, especially with contaminated or deep punctures
Bite injuries	Bites pose a significant infection risk due to oral flora from humans, dogs, or other animals	Human bites especially hands are considered at high-risk and require prophylactic antibiotics and delayed closure
Crush injuries	Prolonged pressure or force damages skin and underlying tissue. May cause compartment syndrome or rhabdomyolysis	Concerns are tissue viability, decompression, and infection
High-pressure injection injuries	Injuries from paint guns, air, solvents, gasoline, hydraulic fluid, grease, and water. Wound may appear minor, but damage can be severe	X-ray to check if a foreign body is suspended. Antibiotics for contaminated wounds, delayed presentation
Incision wounds	Cuts caused by sharp objects like glass, razor blades, and knives or as a result of surgery. The surface of the skin is where the cutting edge tangentially moves. Often, an incised wound is longer than it is deep	Prone to infection, prophylactic intraoperative incisional wound irrigation is required, in which debris, metabolic waste, and exudate are washed away just before wound closure