Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles repair of jaw osteoradionecrosis

Figure 4 Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles activated phosphorylated-protein kinase B expression in irradiated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. A: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis illustrating the top 20 downregulated genes in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) between the 12 Gy and control groups; B: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis illustrating the top 20 upregulated genes in BMSCs between the 12 Gy + 10¹⁰ human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (hAMSCs-sEVs) and 12 Gy groups; C and D: Western blot analysis of protein kinase B and phosphorylated-protein kinase B expression in BMSCs in the control, 12 Gy and 12 Gy + 10¹⁰ hAMSCs-sEVs groups; E and F: Alkaline phosphatase staining and rate in the control, 12 Gy and 12 Gy + 10⁸/10⁹/10¹⁰ hAMSCs-sEVs groups treated with or without the selective inhibitor Ly294002. Scale bar = 200 μm; G and H: Alizarin Red staining in the control, 12 Gy and 12 Gy + 10¹⁰ hAMSCs-sEVs groups treated with or without the selective inhibitor Ly294002. Scale bar = 200 μm; I: Western blot analyses of collagen-1, alkaline phosphatase, runt-related transcription factor 2, and osteopontin expression in BMSCs in the control, 12 Gy, 12 Gy + 10¹⁰ hAMSCs-sEVs and 12 Gy + 10¹⁰ hAMSCs-sEVs + selective inhibitor Ly294002 groups. ^bP < 0.01. KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT: Protein kinase B; p-AKT: Phosphorylated-protein kinase B; sEVs: Small extracellular vesicles; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ARS: Alizarin Red staining; COL-1: Collagen-1; RUNX2: Runt-related transcription factor 2; OPN: Osteopontin.