Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles repair of jaw osteoradionecrosis

Figure 3 Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles alleviated radiation-induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenesis inhibition. A: Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (hAMSCs-sEVs) uptake by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Scale bar = 50 μm; B and C: Alkaline phosphatase staining and rate in the control, 12 Gy and 12 Gy + 10⁸/10⁹/10¹⁰ hAMSCs-sEVs groups on day 14. Scale bar = 200 μm; D and E: Alizarin red staining in the control, 12 Gy and 12 Gy + 10⁸/10⁹/10¹⁰ hAMSCs-sEVs groups on day 21. Scale bar = 200 μm; F: Proliferation of BMSCs in the control, 12 Gy and 12 Gy + 10⁸/10⁹/10¹⁰ hAMSCs-sEVs groups; G-K: Polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses of collagen-1, alkaline phosphatase, runt-related transcription factor 2, and osteopontin expression in BMSCs in the control, 12 Gy and 12 Gy + 10⁸/10⁹/10¹⁰ hAMSCs-sEVs groups. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01. sEVs: Small extracellular vesicles; OD: Optical density; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ARS: Alizarin Red staining; COL-1: Collagen-1; RUNX2: Runt-related transcription factor 2; OPN: Osteopontin.