Therapeutic applications of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in pain management: A narrative review of emerging evidence and future directions

doi:10.4252/wjsc.v18.i2.116184

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World Journal of Stem Cells

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1948-0210

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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©Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2026. No commercial re-use. See Permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Stem Cells. Feb 26, 2026; 18(2): 116184
Published online Feb 26, 2026. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v18.i2.116184

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Figure 5 Extracellular vesicle-mediated modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and ion channel signaling in peripheral sensitization. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 and extracellular signal regulated kinase) increases transient receptor potential and voltage-gated sodium channel activity, leading to greater nociceptor excitability and pain sensitization. Extracellular vesicle-derived proteins and microRNAs can suppress p38/extracellular signal regulated kinase activation, normalizing transient receptor potential V1 and voltage-gated sodium channel function. This mechanism reduces peripheral sensitization and neuroinflammatory pain responses. EVs: Extracellular vesicles; miRNAs: MicroRNAs; MAPKs: Mitogen-activated protein kinases; ERK: Extracellular signal regulated kinase; TRP: Transient receptor potential; VGSC: Voltage-gated sodium channel; TRPV1: Transient receptor potential V1; NaV: Voltage-gated sodium.

Citation: Khan SA, Gangadaran P, Tiwari P, Rajendran RL, Jamal A, Hattiwale SH, Anand K, Jha SK, Hong CM, Ahn BC, Parvez S. Therapeutic applications of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in pain management: A narrative review of emerging evidence and future directions. World J Stem Cells 2026; 18(2): 116184
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-0210/full/v18/i2/116184.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v18.i2.116184

Khan SA, Gangadaran P, Tiwari P, Rajendran RL, Jamal A, Hattiwale SH, Anand K, Jha SK, Hong CM, Ahn BC, Parvez S. Therapeutic applications of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in pain management: A narrative review of emerging evidence and future directions. World J Stem Cells 2026; 18(2): 116184 [PMID: 41808887 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v18.i2.116184]

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