Therapeutic applications of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in pain management: A narrative review of emerging evidence and future directions

Figure 2 Extracellular vesicle-mediated regulation of Janus kinases/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway in glial immunomodulation. Cytokine-receptor binding activates Janus kinases, leading to signal transducer and activator of transcription phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, which drives transcription of proinflammatory genes. Extracellular vesicle-derived cargo - including suppressor proteins and specific microRNAs - can inhibit Janus kinases/signal transducer and activator of transcription activation, modulating microglial and astrocytic phenotypes toward anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective states. EVs: Extracellular vesicles; miRNAs: MicroRNAs; JAK: Janus kinases; STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription.