Alpha-ketoglutarate enhances adipose-derived stem cells survival in wound healing by hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha-mediated redox homeostasis and glycogen-dependent bioenergetics

Figure 2 Alpha-ketoglutarate-adipose-derived stem cells are metabolically reprogrammed. A: Basal oxygen consumption rate of mouse adipose-derived stem cells and α-ketoglutarate adipose-derived stem cells; B: Ratio of reduced glutathione to glutathione disulfide; C and D: Mean fluorescent intensity of mitochondrial (MitoSOX Red) (C) or intracellular reactive oxygen species levels (CM-H₂DCFDA) (D) by flow-cytometry analysis; E and F: Intracellular reactive oxygen species levels after treatment with 25 μmol/L H₂O₂ (E) or culture in 0.5% O₂ (F); G and H: Cell viability analysis after treatment with 25 μmol/L H₂O₂ (G) or culture in 0.5% O₂ (H), by annexin V-propidium iodide flow cytometry. Data are presented with means ± SEM (^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01). OCR: Oxygen consumption rate; ADSCs: Adipose-derived stem cells; αKG-ADSCs: Alpha-ketoglutarate adipose-derived stem cells; GSH: Glutathione; GSSG: Glutathione disulfide; MFI: Mean fluorescent intensity.