Stem cell secretome- and extracellular vesicle-based therapies for retinal pathologies

Table 4 Comparison of the present review with recent relevant reviews

Ref.	Scope	Primary emphasis	Main distinction from the present review
Manai et al[2]	EVs in degenerative retinal diseases	Retinal EV biology, pathophysiology, biomarkers, and therapeutic potential	The present review additionally separates soluble secretome, native EV, exosome-enriched, and engineered-EV product classes and links study-level heterogeneity to translational maturity
Yang and Peng[12]	Human stem-cell-derived EVs in retinal repair and regeneration	Molecular mechanisms and regenerative potential	The present review additionally emphasizes product taxonomy, direct vs indirect evidence, study-level methodological comparison, and translational readiness
Tseng et al[13]	Cell-free EV therapy across ocular diseases	Broad ocular applications, cellular sources, preclinical evidence, and clinical translation	The present review provides a retina/optic-nerve-focused synthesis with detailed study-level evidence mapping and an explicit evidence-maturity framework
Guan et al[27]	Engineered exosome therapies for ocular vascular disease	EV engineering, targeting, and ocular neovascular disease	The present review includes non-engineered secretome/EV products and both neurodegenerative and vascular retinal disorders in addition to engineered platforms
Present review	Stem-cell secretome- and EV-based therapies in retinal and optic-nerve disorders	Product classes, disease-specific evidence, delivery, manufacturing, quality control, and translation	Integrates evidence directness, product-class distinctions, study-level heterogeneity, evidence maturity, and disease-by-product mapping within a single retinal-focused framework

EV: Extracellular vesicle.