Potential therapeutic applications of antler stem cells and their derivatives

Figure 2 Antlerogenic periosteum deletion and transplantation, and histological structure of a growing antler tip. A: Antlerogenic periosteum (AP) deletion (right side). Note that the deleted AP will be transplanted autologously onto the forehead region; B: Outcomes of AP deletion and transplantation. Note that the AP-less crest region failed to develop a pedicle and antler (arrow), but the transplanted forehead region initiated ectopic antler formation (arrowhead); C: Histological structure of a growing antler tip. Note that the reserve mesenchyme layer is located in the outermost position and immediately under the dermis of velvet skin. AP: Antlerogenic periosteum; D: Dermis; RM: Reserve mesenchyme; PC: Pre-cartilage; CA: Cartilage; HA: Hypertrophic cartilage; BO: Bone.