Potential therapeutic applications of antler stem cells and their derivatives

Figure 1 Outcomes following pedicle periosteum deletion and membrane insertion. A: Total pedicle periosteum (PP) (arrow) deletion; B: Failure in antler regeneration from the PP-less pedicle stump (left), whereas the sham-operated pedicle regenerated a multi-branched antler (right); C: Partial PP (arrow) deletion (distal third); D: Regenerating antler bud (velvet antler) from the cut end of PP on the pedicle shaft. Note that this place is distant from the natural regeneration plane (arrow); E: Membrane (arrow) insertion between the PP and the enveloping skin in a pedicle stump; F: Scab-wrapped regenerating antler (arrow). Note that the inserted membrane prevented the pedicle skin from participating in antler regeneration, but failed to stop antler regeneration. PP: Pedicle periosteum; VA: Velvet antler; SC: Scab-wrapped regenerating antler.