Exploring the critical therapeutic window: Dose-frequency optimization of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells for preclinical asthma treatment

Figure 4 Effect of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell on the levels of inflammatory cytokines. A-D: Interleukin-4 (IL-4) (A); IL-13 (B); interferon-gamma (C), and immunoglobulin E (D) in serum of mice with ovalbumin-induced asthma; E-G: IL-4 (E), IL-13 (F), interferon-gamma (G) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice with ovalbumin-induced asthma. ^aP < 0.05 indicate a significant difference from the control group; ^bP < 0.05 indicate a significant difference from the model group. Bonferroni correction was applied to evaluate cytokines in multiple treatment groups. IL: Interleukin; IFN: Interferon; IgE: Immunoglobulin E; BALF: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; L-D HUC-MSC: Low dosage (1 × 10⁵) of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell; M-D HUC-MSC: Medium dosage (2 × 10⁵) of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell; H-D HUC-MSC: High dosage (4 × 10⁵) of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell; M-2D HUC-MSC: Medium dosage (2 × 10⁵) of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell twice.