HOX and MEINOX in cellular plasticity, fibrosis, and cancer

Table 5 HOX and MEINOX molecules in cancer hallmark mechanisms and associated pathways

Mechanism	HOX-MEINOX molecule	Associated pathway(s)	Effect of molecule on pathway	Ref.
Invasion	miR-10a/b	TGF-β	Inhibition	[113,143]
	HOXA10	TGF-β	Stimulation	[136]
	HOXA13	Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β	Stimulation	[211]
	MEIS2D	Hippo	Inhibition	[141]
	MEIS2C, HAGLR, HOTAIR	Wnt/β-catenin	Stimulation	[139-141]
	HOXA5	Wnt/β-catenin	Inhibition	[212]
	miR-196a/b	MAPK	Stimulation	[151]
Chemoresistance	PKNOX2	PI3K	Inhibition	[42]
	MEIS2C, HAGLR, HOTAIR, HOXA13	Wnt/β-catenin	Stimulation	[139-141,211]
	HOXA5	Wnt/β-catenin	Inhibition	[212]
Proliferation	PKNOX2, HOXA5	p53	Stimulation	[152,153,174,212]
	MEIS2C, HAGLR, HOTAIR	Wnt/β-catenin	Stimulation	[139-141]
	HOXA13	Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β	Stimulation	[211]
	miR-196a/b	JAK/STAT	Stimulation	[150]
	HOXA11-AS	β-catenin/c-Myc	Stimulation	[145]
	MEIS2D	Hippo	Inhibition	[141]
Transformation	HOXA10	TGF-β	Stimulation	[136]
Evading apoptosis	miR-196a/b	JAK/STAT, MAPK	Stimulation	[150,151]
	HOXA11-AS	β-catenin/c-Myc	Stimulation	[145]
	PKNOX2	PI3K	Inhibition	[42]
	PKNOX2	p53	Stimulation	[153]
	HOXA5	p53	Stimulation	[152,212]
Immune evasion	HOXA11-AS	β-catenin/c-Myc	Stimulation	[145]

TGF: Transforming growth factor; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinases; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; JAK: Janus kinase; STAT: Signal transducer and activator of the transcription.