Dual role and clinical application of extracellular vesicles in acute respiratory distress syndrome: Mechanism analysis and translational challenges

Figure 1 Biogenetic mechanism of extracellular vesicles. The diagram depicts cellular processes including endocytosis, vesicle trafficking, and lysosomal degradation in donor cells. Recipient cells internalize exosomes via endocytosis or micropinocytosis, while phagocytosis mediates clearance of apoptotic bodies or apoptotic cells. ER: Endoplasmic reticulum.