Neural crest-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Fates and perspectives

Table 4 Neural crest-derived mesenchymal stem cells (except for dental stem cells) based clinical trials registered at ClinicalTrials.gov

Registration ID	Status	Diseases	Study design	Cell source	Administration route	Number of patients	Interventions		Follow-up period	Phase	Outcomes	Ref.
							Test group	Control group
NCT03070275	Completed	Implant therapy	Randomized; parallel assignment; single-blind (outcomes assessor)	Alveolar bone	Gently stabilized over the implant platform head partially covering the buccal bone	20	Biocomplex (aBM-MSCs/fibrin glue/collagen fleece)	No use of adjunctive grafting materials	4 months	Phage 1/2
NCT02449005	Completed	Chronic periodontitis	Randomized; parallel assignment; quadruple-blind (participant care, provider, investigator, outcomes assessor)	Autologous alveolar bone	Transplanted into the osseous defect	60	MAF + Biocomplex (containing BMSCs, n = 9)	MAF + aFPL (n = 10); MAF (n = 8)	Baseline; 6 weeks; 6, 9, 12 months	Phage 1/2		Apatzidou et al[143], Apatzidou et al[144]
NCT01389661	Completed	Maxillary cyst bone loss of substance	Single group assignment; open label	Autologous alveolar bone	Surgical implantation	11	BioMax scaffold + MSCs	Contralateral control area of spongy alveolar bone without treatment	0, 2 weeks; 2, 6 months	Phage 1/2		Redondo et al[142]
NCT06700655	Not yet recruiting	Limbal stem cells deficiency	Randomized; parallel assignment; single-blind (outcomes assessor)	Autologous stromal opacities	Cell transplantation	60	Cornea limbal stem cell; cornea limbal stem cell combined corneal stromal stem cell	Corneal transplantation	32, 48, 108 days; 6 months; 1, 2 years	Phage 1/2

aBM-MSCs: Autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; BMSCs: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; MAF: Minimal access flap; aFPL: Autologous fibrin/platelet lysate; MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells.