Neural crest-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Fates and perspectives

Table 3 Neural crest-derived mesenchymal stem cells (except for dental stem cells) based clinical trials from published articles

Ref.	Registration ID	Conditions/diseases	Study design	Cell source	Administration route	Interventions		Follow-up period	Outcomes
						Test group	Control group
Redondo et al[142]	EudraCT 2010-024246-30; NCT01389661	Maxillary bone cysts	Nonrandomized	Autologous alveolar bone	Surgical implantation	BioMax scaffold + MSCs (n = 9)	Contralateral control area of spongy alveolar bone without treatment	3-4, 6-8 months	Bone density (↑)
Apatzidou et al[143]	NCT02449005	Intrabony defects and periodontitis	Randomized; single-blind	Autologous alveolar bone	Transplanted into the osseous defect	MAF + Biocomplex (containing BMSCs, n = 9)	MAF + aFPL (n = 10); MAF (n = 8)	Baseline; 6 weeks; 6, 9, 12 months	TNF-α, RANKL levels in GCF gradually decreased, MMP levels were higher than baseline (6-9 months), and RANKL/OPG ratio was lower than baseline (9-12 months)
Apatzidou et al[144]	NCT02449005	Intrabony defects and periodontitis	Randomized; single-blind	Autologous alveolar bone	Transplanted into the osseous defect	MAF + Biocomplex (containing BMSCs, n = 9)	MAF + aFPL (n = 10); MAF (n = 8)	Baseline; 6 weeks; 6, 9, 12 months	Significant clinical improvements (attachment gain and PPD) but no between-group differences

MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; MAF: Minimal access flap; BMSCs: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; aFPL: Autologous fibrin/platelet lysate; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; RANKL: Receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa B ligand; GCF: Gingival crevicular fluid; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; OPG: Osteoprotegerin; PPD: Periodontal probing depth.