Neural crest-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Fates and perspectives

Table 2 Dental stem cell-based clinical trials registered on the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform

Registration ID	Status	Diseases	Study design	Cell Source	Administration route	Number of patients	Interventions		Follow-up period	Phase	Outcomes	Ref.
							Test group	Control group
IRCT20140911019125N12	Pending	Children with type 1 diabetes	Not randomized; no placebo; not blinded	Deciduous pulp	Intravenous injection	10	SHEDs (3 × 106/kg, twice, 3 months apart)	None	3, 6, 12 months	Not applicable
RCT20140911019125N10	Pending	Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma	Not randomized; no placebo; not blinded	Deciduous pulp	Intravenous injection	30	SHEDs (1 × 106/kg, 4 hours before the injection of hematopoietic stem cells); SHEDs (1 × 106/kg, on day 0, + 2, + 4, + 6 after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation); no SHEDs injection	None	Daily until discharge from the hospital	Not applicable
JPRN-UMIN000049760	Complete: Follow-up complete	Wrinkles	Randomized; parallel assignment; single-blind	Dental pulp		12	All-in-one gel containing immortalized human DPSCs-CM and various useful ingredients	None	4 weeks	Not applicable
CTRI/2024/10/075535	Not yet recruiting	Necrosis of pulp	Randomized; parallel assignment; double-blind	Deciduous pulp	Transplantation	30	Scaffold of fibrin glue loaded with E-nanoHA seeded with SHED	Blood clot scaffold with MTA	1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 months	Phase 3
JPRN-UMIN000042791	Complete: Follow-up complete	Periodontitis	Randomized; parallel assignment; single-blind (participants)	Deciduous pulp	Gargle	30	Mouthwash containing SHED culture supernatant	Mouthwash without SHED culture supernatant	1 month	Not applicable
ChiCTR2100051466	Recruiting	Periodontitis	Randomized; parallel assignment; open label		Bilateral multipoint injection on a single tooth	96	DPSCs (1 × 107 cells) for once; DPSCs (1 × 107 cells) for twice	Saline	90, 180, 360 days	Phage 0
ChiCTR2100049178	Pending	Periodontitis	Randomized; parallel assignment; double-blind	Dental pulp	Local injection	36	DPSCs (1 × 106 cells) for single injection; DPSCs (5 × 106 cells) for single injection; DPSCs (1 × 107 cells) for single injection; DPSCs (1 × 107 cells) for single injection in 2 Locations; DPSCs (1 × 107 cells) for single injection in 3-4 Locations	None		Phage 1
ISRCTN13093912	Completed	Periodontitis	Randomized; parallel assignment; single-blind (patients and examiners)	Dental pulp	Implanted into bone defect sites via surgical approach	20	DPSCs (1 × 107 cells) + hydroxyapatite-collagen scaffold	Hydroxyapatite-collagen scaffold	1, 2, 4, 12, 24, 36 weeks; 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 months	Not applicable		Sánchez et al[181]
JPRN-UMIN000045926	Complete: Follow-up complete	Wrinkles	Randomized; parallel assignment; single-blind (outcomes assessor)	Dental pulp		12	All-in-one gel containing immortalized DPSCs-CM solution and various beauty ingredients	No treatment	4 weeks	Not applicable
JPRN-UMIN000043528	Complete: Follow-up complete	Wrinkles	Randomized; parallel assignment; single-blind (outcomes assessor)	Dental pulp		12	All-in-one gel containing immortalized DPSC-CM solution and the latest peptide raw materials	No treatment	4 weeks	Not applicable
JPRN-UMIN000045897	Complete: Follow-up continuing → Complete: Follow-up complete	Hair loss	Nonrandomized;parallel assignment; open label	Deciduous pulp	Injection	22	SHED-CM; after SHED-CM injection, one dose of micrografts (Rigenera) followed by another SHED-CM injection; SHED-CM injection after one dose of micrografts (Rigenera)	None	6 months	Not applicable

SHED: Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth; DPSCs: Dental pulp stem cells; CM: Conditioned medium; E-nanoHA: E- nanophased hydroxyapatite; MTA: Mineral trioxide aggregate.